Correct global/local coordinate handling; add basic mesh stitching.

src/anchor.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 use glam::{DMat3, DVec3};
+use crate::{
+    terrain::Terrain,
+    generator::Generator,
+};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct Neighbor {
@@ -19,25 +23,25 @@ impl Neighbor {
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct Octave {
-    pub scale:f64,
+    pub frequency:f64,
-    pub weight:f64,
+    pub amplitude:f64,
 }
 impl Octave {
     pub fn new() -> Self
     {
         Self {
-            scale:1.,
+            frequency:1.,
-            weight:1.,
+            amplitude:1.,
         }
     }
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct Terrain {
+pub struct Geography {
     pub elevation:f64,
     pub octaves:[Octave; 4],
 }
-impl Terrain {
+impl Geography {
     pub fn new() -> Self
     {
         Self {
@@ -47,7 +51,7 @@ impl Terrain {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Anchor {
     pub position:DVec3,
     pub centroid:DVec3,
@@ -56,6 +60,8 @@ pub struct Anchor {
     pub neighbors:[Neighbor; 3],
 
     pub terrain:Terrain,
+    pub geography:Geography,
+
 }
 impl Anchor {
     pub fn new() -> Self
@@ -67,7 +73,8 @@ impl Anchor {
             ibasis:DMat3::IDENTITY,
             neighbors:[Neighbor::new(); 3],
 
-            terrain:Terrain::new(),
+            terrain:Terrain::new(Generator::new()),
+            geography:Geography::new(),
         }
     }
 }

src/bin/world.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use glam::{DMat3, DVec3, Vec3};
+use noise::NoiseFn;
 use rand::prelude::*;
 use sparse::Sparse;
 use terrain::{
@@ -6,6 +7,10 @@ use terrain::{
 };
 
 fn get_subdivisions(radius_km:f64) -> usize
+// Determines the number of subdivisions required for an icosphere,
+// given a world radius, such that the distance between triangle
+// centers is approximately 1-2 kilometers (assuming units of meters).
+//
 {
     let edge_length = 4. * radius_km / (10. + (2. * f64::sqrt(5.))).sqrt();
     let cell_radius = edge_length / f64::sqrt(3.);
@@ -16,7 +21,10 @@ fn get_subdivisions(radius_km:f64) -> usize
     count
 }
 
-fn get_neighbors(ico:&Icosphere<Anchor>, origin:usize, distance:usize) -> Vec<(usize, usize)>
+fn get_neighbors(ico:&Icosphere, origin:usize, distance:usize) -> Vec<(usize, usize)>
+// (Id, Distance)
+// Gets a unique list of icosphere cells up to a specified distance from a origin cell.
+//
 {
     let mut search = Vec::<(usize, usize)>::new();
     let mut found = Sparse::<()>::new();
@@ -44,21 +52,33 @@ fn get_neighbors(ico:&Icosphere<Anchor>, origin:usize, distance:usize) -> Vec<(u
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let radius_km = 1.;
+    let radius_km = 100.;
-    let terrain_radius = 1;
+    let terrain_radius = 3;
 
-    let mut ico = Icosphere::<Anchor>::new();
+    let mut ico = Icosphere::new();
-    for _ in 0..get_subdivisions(radius_km) { ico.subdivide(); }
+    let mut anchors = Sparse::<Anchor>::new();
+    let subdivisions = get_subdivisions(radius_km);
+    for _ in 0..subdivisions { ico.subdivide(); }
+    println!("Subdivisions: {}", subdivisions);
 
     let world_scale = radius_km * 1000.;
 
     let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+    let perlin = noise::Perlin::new(12);
 
+    // Generate an anchor for each cell in the isosphere.
+    //
+    let cells_list = ico.cells.list();
+    let mut anchor_counter = 0;
+    let anchor_counter_total = cells_list.len();
+    for id in cells_list {
+        if anchor_counter % 10000 == 0 {
+            println!("Generating anchor block #{}/{}", anchor_counter, anchor_counter_total);
+        } anchor_counter += 1;
 
-    // Set anchor properties.
+        let cell = ico.cells.get_mut(id).unwrap().clone();
-    for id in ico.cells.list() {
-        let mut cell = ico.cells.get_mut(id).unwrap().clone();
 
+        // Calculate cell space and transformations.
         let vertices = [
             *ico.vertices.get(cell.vertices[0]).unwrap(),
             *ico.vertices.get(cell.vertices[1]).unwrap(),
@@ -74,27 +94,30 @@ fn main() {
         let basis_inverse = DMat3::from_cols(basis_i, basis_j, basis_k);
         let basis = basis_inverse.inverse();
 
-        cell.data = Some({
+        // Define anchor properties.
+        anchors.set(id as isize, {
             let mut anchor = Anchor::new();
 
-            anchor.terrain.elevation = (rng.gen::<f64>() * 50.) - 10.;
+            anchor.centroid = centroid;
-
+            anchor.position = centroid.normalize();
-            let mut scale = (rng.gen::<f64>() / 32.) + (1. / 256.);
-            let mut weight = (rng.gen::<f64>() * 2.) + 0.25;
-            let octaves = (rng.gen::<f64>() * anchor.terrain.octaves.len() as f64) as usize + 1;
-            for oct in 0..octaves {
-                anchor.terrain.octaves[oct].scale = scale;
-                anchor.terrain.octaves[oct].weight = weight;
-
-                scale *= (rng.gen::<f64>() / 2.) + (1. / 32.);
-                weight *= (rng.gen::<f64>() * 16.) + 1.;
-            }
-
-            anchor.position = centroid.normalize() * world_scale;
-            anchor.centroid = centroid * world_scale;
             anchor.basis = basis;
             anchor.ibasis = basis_inverse;
 
+            let mut elevation_frequency = 10000000. / 1.;//  / world_scale;
+            for _ in 0..4 {
+                anchor.geography.elevation += (100. * rng.gen::<f64>() / elevation_frequency) * perlin.get([elevation_frequency * anchor.position.x, elevation_frequency * anchor.position.y, elevation_frequency * anchor.position.z]);
+                elevation_frequency *= 25.;
+            }
+
+            let mut frequency = 32.;
+            let _octaves = (rng.gen::<f64>() * anchor.geography.octaves.len() as f64) as usize + 1;
+            for oct in 0..1 {
+                anchor.geography.octaves[oct].frequency = frequency;
+                anchor.geography.octaves[oct].amplitude = 100.; //rng.gen::<f64>();
+
+                frequency *= 1. / 4.;
+            }
+
             anchor
         });
 
@@ -104,97 +127,164 @@ fn main() {
 
     // Set anchor neighbor properties.
     for id in ico.cells.list() {
-        let mut cell = ico.cells.get(id).unwrap().clone();
+        let cell = ico.cells.get(id).unwrap();
+        let mut anchor = anchors.get(id as isize).unwrap().clone();
 
-        match &mut cell.data {
+        for n in 0..cell.neighbors.len() {
-            Some(anchor) => {
+            let neighbor_id = cell.neighbors[n];
-                for n in 0..cell.neighbors.len() {
+            let neighbor_anchor = anchors.get(neighbor_id as isize).unwrap();
-                    let neighbor = ico.cells.get(id).unwrap().clone();
 
-                    match &neighbor.data {
+            anchor.neighbors[n].distance = anchor.position.angle_between(neighbor_anchor.position) * world_scale;
-                        Some(neighbor_anchor) => {
+            anchor.neighbors[n].position = (anchor.basis * (neighbor_anchor.position - anchor.position)) * world_scale;
-                            anchor.neighbors[n].distance = anchor.position.angle_between(neighbor_anchor.position) * world_scale;
+            anchor.neighbors[n].transform = anchor.ibasis * neighbor_anchor.basis;
-                            anchor.neighbors[n].position = anchor.basis * (neighbor_anchor.position - anchor.position);
-                            anchor.neighbors[n].transform = anchor.ibasis * neighbor_anchor.basis;
-                        }
-                        None => { }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            None => { }
         }
 
-        ico.cells.update(id, cell).ok();
+        anchors.set(id as isize, anchor);
     }
 
 
     // Generate terrain.
-    let mut gen = Generator::new();
-
     let mut terrain_mesh: Mesh = Mesh::new();
 
     let mut mesh_count = 0;
-    if let Some(origin_cell) = ico.cells.get(1) {
+    let origin_id = 1;
-        let origin_anchor = &origin_cell.data.unwrap();
-        let world_origin = -(origin_anchor.basis * origin_anchor.position);
 
-        // Generate zone meshes.
+    let origin_anchor = anchors.get(origin_id as isize).unwrap().clone();
-        let tiles = get_neighbors(&ico, 1, terrain_radius);
+    let world_origin = DVec3::NEG_Y * world_scale;
-        let total_tiles = tiles.len();
-        for (tile_id, depth) in tiles {
-            mesh_count += 1;
-            println!("Generating {} [{} / {}]", tile_id, mesh_count, total_tiles);
 
-            if let Some(zone) = ico.cells.get(tile_id) {
+    // Generate zone meshes.
+    let tiles = get_neighbors(&ico, 1, terrain_radius);
+    let total_tiles = tiles.len();
+    for (tile_id, depth) in &tiles {
 
-                let mut zone_vertices = [DVec3::ZERO; 3];
+        let mut gen = Generator::new();
 
-                // Prepare generator with parameters of neighboring tiles.
+        mesh_count += 1;
-                let nearby = get_neighbors(&ico, tile_id, 3);
+        println!("Generating {} [{} / {}]", tile_id, mesh_count, total_tiles);
-                for vindex in 0..zone.vertices.len() {
-                    let mut influence_count = 0;
 
-                    let extent = zone.vertices[vindex];
+        let terrain = if let Some(zone) = ico.cells.get(*tile_id) {
-                    gen.sources[vindex] = terrain::generator::Source::new();
+            // Prepare generator with parameters of neighboring tiles.
-                    zone_vertices[vindex] = (*ico.vertices.get(extent).unwrap()) * world_scale;
+            let nearby = get_neighbors(&ico, *tile_id, 3);
-                    gen.sources[vindex].position = zone_vertices[vindex];
+            for vindex in 0..zone.vertices.len() {
+                let mut influence_count = 0;
 
-                    for n in 0..nearby.len() {
+                let extent = zone.vertices[vindex];
-                        let (nearby_id, _depth) = nearby[n];
+                gen.sources[vindex] = terrain::generator::Source::new();
+                gen.sources[vindex].position = *ico.vertices.get(extent).unwrap();
 
-                        if let Some(tile) = ico.cells.get(nearby_id) {
+                // Average geography of nearby anchors for each tile vertex.
-                            if let Some(tile_anchor) = &tile.data {
+                for n in 0..nearby.len() {
-                                for nvid in tile.vertices {
+                    let (nearby_id, _depth) = nearby[n];
-                                    if nvid == extent {
+
-                                        gen.sources[vindex].elevation += tile_anchor.terrain.elevation;
+                    if let Some(tile) = ico.cells.get(nearby_id) {
-                                        gen.sources[vindex].octaves.append(&mut tile_anchor.terrain.octaves.to_vec());
+                        let tile_anchor = anchors.get(nearby_id as isize).unwrap();
-                                        influence_count += 1;
+                        for nvid in tile.vertices {
-                                        break;
+                            if nvid == extent {
-                                    }
+                                gen.sources[vindex].elevation += tile_anchor.geography.elevation;
-                                }
+                                gen.sources[vindex].octaves.append(&mut tile_anchor.geography.octaves.to_vec());
+                                influence_count += 1;
+                                break;
                             }
                         }
                     }
-
-                    gen.sources[vindex].elevation /= influence_count as f64;
                 }
 
-                let mut terrain = Terrain::triangle((zone_vertices[0], zone_vertices[1], zone_vertices[2]), gen.clone());
+                gen.sources[vindex].elevation /= influence_count as f64;
-                for _ in 0..(4 - depth.min(3)) { terrain.subdivide(); }
+            }
-                terrain.tessellate();
 
-                for vid in terrain.vertices.list() {
+            let mut terrain = Terrain::triangle((gen.sources[0].position, gen.sources[1].position, gen.sources[2].position), gen);
-                    if let Some(vertex) = terrain.vertices.get_mut(vid) {
+            for _ in 0..(4 - (*depth).min(3)) { terrain.subdivide(); }
-                        let sv = vertex.position.normalize() * (world_scale + vertex.height);
+            terrain.tessellate();
-                        vertex.position = (origin_anchor.basis * sv) + world_origin;
+
-                        vertex.height = 0.;
+            terrain
+        } else { break; };
+
+        anchors.get_mut(*tile_id as isize).unwrap().terrain = terrain;
+    }
+
+    // Modify anchor terrain to match neighbor edge subdivisons.
+    let mut apply_count = 1;
+    while apply_count > 0 {
+        apply_count = 0;
+
+        let mut tile_count = 0;
+        for (tile_id, _depth) in &tiles {
+            let cell = ico.cells.get(*tile_id).unwrap().clone();
+            let anchor = anchors.get(*tile_id as isize).unwrap().clone();
+
+            tile_count += 1;
+            println!("Stitching {} [{} / {}]", *tile_id, tile_count, tiles.len());
+
+            for side_id in 0..cell.neighbors.len() {
+                let neighbor_id = cell.neighbors[side_id];
+                let neighbor_cell = ico.cells.get(neighbor_id).unwrap();
+                let neighbor_anchor = anchors.get_mut(neighbor_id as isize).unwrap();
+
+                // Determine rotation of neighboring tile.
+                let side_vertices = [(side_id + 1) % 3, (side_id + 2) % 3];
+                let mut neighbor_vertex_side = [0, 0];
+                for s in 0..side_vertices.len() {
+                    let vid = cell.vertices[side_vertices[s]];
+
+                    for ns in 0..neighbor_cell.vertices.len() {
+                        if neighbor_cell.vertices[ns] == vid {
+                            neighbor_vertex_side[s] = ns;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                let neighbor_side = 3 - (neighbor_vertex_side[0] + neighbor_vertex_side[1]);
+
+                // Get maximum depth on edge of current cell.
+                let mut max_depth = 0;
+                for cell_id in anchor.terrain.cells.list() {
+                    let tcell = anchor.terrain.cells.get(cell_id).unwrap();
+
+                    let side_counts = (tcell.neighbors[0] == 0) as usize
+                        + (tcell.neighbors[1] == 0) as usize
+                        + (tcell.neighbors[2] == 0) as usize;
+
+                    if side_counts == 1 && tcell.neighbors[side_id] == 0 {
+                        max_depth = max_depth.max(tcell.depth);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Subdivide neighbor edges.
+                let mut subdivide_count = 1;
+                while subdivide_count > 0 {
+                    subdivide_count = 0;
+
+                    let cell_list = neighbor_anchor.terrain.cells.list();
+                    for cell_id in cell_list {
+                        let tcell = neighbor_anchor.terrain.cells.get(cell_id).unwrap().clone();
+
+                        if tcell.neighbors[neighbor_side] == 0 {
+                            if tcell.depth < max_depth {
+                                neighbor_anchor.terrain.subdivide_cell(cell_id);
+                                subdivide_count += 1;
+                            }
+                        }
                     }
                 }
-                terrain_mesh.merge(&terrain.to_mesh(), Vec3::ZERO);
             }
         }
     }
 
-    terrain::obj::save("icosphere.obj", &ico.to_mesh(), 50.).ok();
+    // Write anchors to mesh.
-    terrain::obj::save("test.obj", &terrain_mesh, 0.1).ok();
+    for (tile_id, _depth) in &tiles {
+        let anchor = anchors.get_mut(*tile_id as isize).unwrap();
+
+        for vid in anchor.terrain.vertices.list() {
+            if let Some(vertex) = anchor.terrain.vertices.get_mut(vid) {
+                let norm = vertex.position.normalize() * (world_scale + vertex.height);
+                vertex.position = (origin_anchor.basis * norm) + world_origin;
+                vertex.height = 0.;
+            }
+        }
+
+        terrain_mesh.merge(&anchor.terrain.to_mesh(), Vec3::ZERO);
+    }
+
+    //terrain::obj::save("icosphere.obj", &ico.to_mesh(), 20.).ok();
+    terrain::obj::save("test.obj", &terrain_mesh, 0.01).ok();
 }

src/generator.rs

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl Generator {
             heights[src] = self.sources[src].elevation;
 
             for octave in &self.sources[src].octaves {
-                heights[src] += octave.weight * self.generator.get([octave.scale * position.x, octave.scale * position.y, octave.scale * position.z]);
+                heights[src] += 10. * octave.amplitude * self.generator.get([octave.frequency * position.x, octave.frequency * position.y, octave.frequency * position.z]);
             }
             heights[src] /= self.sources[src].octaves.len().max(1) as f64;
         }

src/icosphere.rs

@@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ const FLIPPED :u32 = 1 << 31;
 const NFLIPPED :u32 = !FLIPPED;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct Cell<T> where T: Clone {
+pub struct Cell {
-    pub data:Option<T>,
+    pub data:usize,
     depth:u32,
     pub neighbors:[usize;3],
     pub vertices:[usize;3],
 }
-impl<T: Clone> Cell<T> {
+impl Cell {
     pub fn new() -> Self
     {
         Self {
-            data:None,
+            data:0,
             depth:0,
             neighbors:[0; 3],
             vertices:[0; 3],
@@ -30,16 +30,16 @@ impl<T: Clone> Cell<T> {
     }
 }
 
-pub struct Icosphere<T> where T: Clone {
+pub struct Icosphere {
     pub vertices:Pool<DVec3>,
-    pub cells:Pool<Cell<T>>,
+    pub cells:Pool<Cell>,
 }
-impl<T: Clone> Icosphere<T> {
+impl Icosphere {
     pub fn new() -> Self
     {
         Self {
             vertices:Pool::<DVec3>::new(),
-            cells:Pool::<Cell<T>>::new(),
+            cells:Pool::<Cell>::new(),
         }.init()
     }
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ impl<T: Clone> Icosphere<T> {
         // Top row cells
         for i in 0..5 {
             self.cells.add({
-                let mut cell = Cell::<T>::new();
+                let mut cell = Cell::new();
 
                 cell.vertices = [
                     2 + ((i + 1) % 5),
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ impl<T: Clone> Icosphere<T> {
         for i in 0..children.len() {
             self.print_cell("SUBDIV", child_ids[i], &children[i]);
 
-            let mut child = Cell::<T>::new();
+            let mut child = Cell::new();
             std::mem::swap(&mut children[i], &mut child);
             self.cells.update(child_ids[i], child).ok();
         }
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ impl<T: Clone> Icosphere<T> {
         self.vertices.add(vertex.normalize())
     }
 
-    fn print_cell(&self, text:&str, id:usize, cell:&Cell<T>)
+    fn print_cell(&self, text:&str, id:usize, cell:&Cell)
     {
         if DEBUG_PRINTS {
             println!("{:8} {:3} ( {}, {:2} ) [{:3} {:3} {:3}] [{:3} {:3} {:3}]",

src/terrain.rs

@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@ const DEBUG_PRINTS :bool = false;
 
 const DEGREES :f64 = PI / 180.;
 
-const DELTA_THRESHOLD :f64 = (1. / 24.) * DEGREES;
+const DELTA_THRESHOLD :f64 = (1. / 48.) * DEGREES;
-const MAX_SUBDIVISIONS :u16 = 14;
+const MAX_SUBDIVISIONS :u16 = 4;
 const MAX_DEPTH :u16 = 2 * MAX_SUBDIVISIONS;
-const RADIAL_FALLOFF :f64 = 0.7;
+const RADIAL_FALLOFF :f64 = 2.;
-const RADIAL_FALLOFF_INV :f64 = 1. / RADIAL_FALLOFF;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 enum Action {
@@ -68,23 +67,22 @@ impl Cell {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Terrain {
     pub vertices:Pool<Vertex>,
     pub cells:Pool<Cell>,
     pub extent:[DVec3; 3],
     pub normal:DVec3,
-    pub scale:f64,
     generator:Generator,
 }
 impl Terrain {
-    fn new(generator:Generator) -> Self
+    pub fn new(generator:Generator) -> Self
     {
         Self {
             vertices:Pool::<Vertex>::new(),
             cells:Pool::<Cell>::new(),
             extent:[DVec3::ZERO; 3],
             normal:DVec3::Y,
-            scale:1.,
             generator:generator,
         }
     }
@@ -96,38 +94,22 @@ impl Terrain {
 
         let cross = (c - a).cross(b - a);
         grid.normal = cross.normalize();
-        grid.scale = ((b - a).length() + (c - a).length()) / (1000. * f64::sqrt(3.));
 
         grid.extent = [a, b, c];
 
-        let vertices = [
+        grid.add_vertex(a);
-            grid.add_vertex(a),
+        grid.add_vertex(b);
-            grid.add_vertex(b),
+        grid.add_vertex(c);
-            grid.add_vertex(c),
-        ];
 
         grid.cells.add({
             let mut cell = Cell::new();
-
+            cell.vertices = [1, 2, 3];
-            cell.vertices = vertices;
-
             cell
         });
 
         grid
     }
 
-    fn init_hexagon(&mut self, _radius:usize)
-    {
-        let triangle_edge = 0.5;
-        let triangle_vertex = 2. * triangle_edge;
-        let triangle_halfside = f64::sqrt(3.) * triangle_edge;
-        let _triangle_side = 2. * triangle_halfside;
-        let _triangle_cross = triangle_edge + triangle_vertex;
-
-        // Implementation Here
-    }
-
     pub fn subdivide(&mut self)
     {
         for id in self.cells.list() {
@@ -135,6 +117,11 @@ impl Terrain {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn subdivide_cell(&mut self, id:usize)
+    {
+        self.node_update(&vec![Action::Subdivide(id, 0)]);
+    }
+
     pub fn tessellate(&mut self)
     {
         let mut data = self.cells.list();
@@ -157,7 +144,6 @@ impl Terrain {
                 data_len = new_data.len();
             }
 
-            
             if passes % 10 == 0 {
                 println!("Pass {}", passes);
             }
@@ -216,11 +202,11 @@ impl Terrain {
             }
         }
         neighbor_normal /= count;
-
+        let centroid = (vp[0] + vp[1] + vp[2]) / 3.;
-        let min_dist = vp[0].length().min(vp[1].length()).min(vp[2].length()).max(1.);
+        let min_dist = centroid.length_squared().max(1.);
 
         let delta = normal.angle_between(neighbor_normal);
-        let max_depth = MAX_DEPTH - (f64::log2(min_dist) * RADIAL_FALLOFF_INV).min((MAX_DEPTH - 2) as f64) as u16;
+        let max_depth = MAX_DEPTH - 2 * (f64::log2(min_dist) / f64::log2(RADIAL_FALLOFF)).min((MAX_SUBDIVISIONS - 1) as f64) as u16;
         let threshold = DELTA_THRESHOLD * f64::log2(cell.depth as f64 + 16.) * 4.;
         if delta > threshold && cell.depth < max_depth {
             self.node_update(&vec![Action::Subdivide(id, 0)]);
@@ -339,10 +325,6 @@ impl Terrain {
             }
 
             twin = Some(self.cells.get(twin_id).unwrap().clone());
-            //match &twin {
-            //    Some(twin) => { self.print_cell("TWIN", twin_id, twin); }
-            //    None => { }
-            //}
         }
 
         // Get outer neighbors and vertices.
@@ -647,7 +629,7 @@ impl Terrain {
 
     fn add_vertex(&mut self, vertex:DVec3) -> usize
     {
-        self.vertices.add(Vertex::with(vertex, self.scale * self.generator.generate(vertex)))
+        self.vertices.add(Vertex::with(vertex, self.generator.generate(vertex)))
     }
 
     fn print_cell(&self, text:&str, id:usize, cell:&Cell)